SỰ THIẾU HỤT NGUỒN CUNG CẤP PHOSPHO TRẮNG VÀ ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA GIÁ PHỤ GIA DẦU NHỚT ĐỘNG CƠ

 Phốt pho (P) là nguyên tố nhóm VA có số hiệu nguyên tử là 15, và cấu hình nguyên tử là [Ne] 3s²3p³. Ở trạng thái cơ bản, hoá trị của P thường gặp là III và V. Phốt pho có hai dạng cơ bản là P trắng (hoạt tính mạnh) tồn tại dưới dạng phân tử P4 theo kiểu phân bố tứ diện đều và P đỏ (hoạt tính kém hơn) tồn tại ở dạng polymer. So với N2, P có độ âm điện thấp hơn nhưng hoạt tính lại mạnh hơn phân tử N2 do bản chất liên kết ba của N2 làm hạn chế hoạt tính của N2, bởi liên kết ba cần nhiều năng lượng hơn để cắt đứt liên kết so với phân tử P4.

P là nguyên tố cơ bản đứng sau C, H, O, N vì nó là thành phần chính tạo nên lớp kép photpho lipid trong màng tế bào. Trong công nghiệp dầu nhờn, P được ứng dụng vào các hoá chất đặt biệt như chất chống oxy hoá, chất chống mài mòn (AW), phụ gia biến tính ma sát (FM), phụ gia cực áp (EP), phụ gia chống gỉ (CI), phụ gia tẩy rửa và nhũ hoá (emulsifier và detergent)... nhưng sản phẩm được dùng nhiều trong ứng dụng dầu nhờn có lẽ phải kể đến phụ gia kẽm ZDDP (Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate) thường nhóm R trong cấu trúc Dialkyl thường là C4, C8 hoặc C10 đến C14 tuỳ vào từng nhà sản xuất. Nếu nếu R chứ C2 hay C3 thì thường sẽ ứng dụng cho các chất xúc tiến cho cao su. Do đó, để biết tại sao nguồn nguyên liệu P trắng lại ảnh hưởng mạnh đến giá phụ gia gói cho dầu động cơ thì mời mọi người tiếp tục theo dõi tiếp

I. ZDDP được tổng hợp như thế nào?

Như đã đề cập, ZDDP = Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate, và độ dài mạch Carbon của gốc R sẽ phụ thuộc vào tuỳ nhà sản xuất. Tuy nhiên, về mặt lý thuyết, độ dài dây carbon càng lớn thì khả năng bôi trơn của sản phẩm sẽ càng tốt.

Hình 1: Cấu trúc của ZDDP

Có hai bước để tổng hợp ZDDP. Đầu tiên là P₂S₅ được dùng để phản ứng với hỗn hợp rượu để tạo thành  dithiophosphoric acid (1), sau đó sẽ tiếp tục dùng ZnO để trung hoà acid vừa sinh ra để tạo thành ZDDP (2)

P₂S₅ + 4 ROH → 2 (RO)₂PS₂H + H₂S (1)

2 (RO)₂PS₂H + ZnO → Zn[(S₂P(OR)₂]₂ + H₂O (2)

II. P trắng được tổng hợp như thế nào 

Trong tự nhiên P tồn dại dưới dạng khoáng phosphorit (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) và apatit với trữ lượng lớn ở Lào Cai. Trong công nghiệp để sản xuất P trắng người ta tiến hành nung quặng phosphorit ở 1500 độ với cát và than. Quá trình có thể biểu thị dưới dạng phương trình sau:

2 Ca₃(PO₄)₂  + 6 SiO₂= 6 CaSiO₃+ P₄O₁₀(3)

P₄O₁₀+ 10 C = 10 CO + P₄(4)

Trong quá trình sản xuất này chúng ta thấy để sản xuất P thì lượng khí CO thải ra cũng rất lớn, do đó quá trình này rất ảnh hưởng đến môi trường. 

Hiện tại Trung Quốc đang tìm cách để cắt giảm khí thải carbon, và có rất nhiều quá trình sản xuất công nghiệp ở Trung quốc sử dụng than như nguồn nhiên liệu chính. Ngoài ra, như vừa đề cập trong phương trình (4), quá trình sản xuất P trắng cần rất nhiều nguyên liệu là Carbon, do đó khi anh bạn láng giềng đang cắt giảm nguồn khí thải Carbon sẽ ảnh hưởng nhiều đến nguồn cung ứng P trắng, thứ là nguyên liệu chính để sản xuất P2S5, từ đó để sản xuất ZDDP như đề cập trong phương trình (1) mục I.

Thêm vào đó, chưa hiểu nguyên nhân vì sao nhưng thị trường Ấn Độ cũng thiếu hụt nguồn cung cấp P2S5 dẫn đến giá cả phụ gia ở thị trường này cũng đang trên đà tăng dần. 

III. Tỉ lệ sử dụng của ZDDP trong các gói phụ gia

ZDDP như đã đề cập là một chất vừa có tính chống oxy hoá, vừa có tính chất chống mài mòn và cực áp, thêm vào đó giả cả của ZDDP cũng rất rẻ so với các loại phụ gia khác. Vì vậy, việc sử dụng ZDDP vào trong các gói phụ gia động cơ là rất nhiều.

Điển hình ở các gói HDEO API dưới CF-4 thì tỉ lệ sử dụng của ZDDP trong gói từ 10-20%:

Hình 2: Thành phần ZDDP trong gói HDEO (HiTEC 9300C) của AFTON CHEMICAL

    Hình 3: Thành phần ZDDP trong gói HDEO (HiTEC 8712) của AFTON CHEMICAL

Việc sử dụng ZDDP với hàm lượng cao trong các gói HDEO API dưới CF-4 dự kiến giá của các gói phụ gia này sẽ bị ảnh hưởng nặng khi giá của ZDDP tiếp tục tăng trong tương lai gần.

Trong khi đó, các gọi HDEO dùng cho động cơ tải nặng như API CH-4 và CI-4, thì tỉ lệ ZDDP được giảm lại chỉ còn tầm 5-10 % trong gói. Việc giảm tỉ lệ của ZDDP sẽ được bù lại bằng các hợp chất của Mo và Boron để tăng cường tính chất bôi trơn như Friction Modifier, Anti-wear cũng như Dispersant enhancing Anti-wear. Do đó, dự kiến giá của các gói này sẽ chỉ tăng nhẹ trong thời gian tới. 

Hình 4: Thành phần ZDDP trong gói HDEO để sản xuất API CI-4 của AFTON CHEMICAL

Kết: Thế giới đang bước vào giai đoạn khủng hoảng nguồn nguyên liệu sản xuất cho tất cả các ngành bao gồm ngành nhớt bởi ảnh hưởng kéo dài của COVID-19, cùng với những thay đổi chính sách của các nước có nền công nghiệp lớn như Trung Quốc và Ấn Độ sẽ tác động không thể dự đoán được trong một tương lai xa. Tuy nhiên, xu hướng tăng giá đến từ các hãng là điều không thể tránh khỏi trong một tương lai gần. Để đối phó với tình trạng biến động về giá cả trong tương lai, các doanh nghiệp nên có một bước tự chuẩn bị phụ gia. 

Writer: Steven Nguyen

POLATECH 7600 - A FLEXIBLE PACKAGE FOR SOLUBLE OIL AND SEMI-SYNTHETIC METALWORKING FLUIDS

1. WHAT IS POLARTECH 7600?

POLARTECH 7600 (PT 7600) is a emulsifier and corrosion package for soluble oil manufactured by ITALMATCH CHEMICAL. When using Polartech 7600 with a suitable amount of base oil and biocide, it will provide a very cost effective soluble oil with outstanding hardwater tolerance and corrosion protection for Ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. 

2. WHAT ARE PT 7600 ADVANTAGES?

In contrast to other commercial packages on the market, PT 7600 has some good charecteristics as below:

- PIBSA technology  along with SPS and other non-inonic emulsifiers provides a long-term emulsion stability through electrostatic and steric repulsions. Normally, other packages as far as I know will give you a quick blooming, but it cannot give you a longlasting kinetic stability of emulsion. 

- PIBSA and other non-ionic emulsifiers assit the finished soluble oil made by PT 7600 to have a good hardwater resistance up to 1000 ppm.

- In my own experience, I found that PT 7600 is easy to be used with 70N/150N and it even can be used to make a semi-synthetic MWF (high-, medium- and low-oil content) with a slight adjustment in formula.

3. ARE COLOR AND BLOOMING RATE REALLY IMPORTANT FOR MWF?

To be honest, cutting machine needs good soluble oil, which cannot be reflected by color, blooming rate, and other quite basic physical properties (i.e., density, viscosity). The difference between good and bad oil is its performance during processing. Unlike engine oil, it takes long-time to unveil the quality for consumers, MWF industry is quite easy to know the performance of MWF at the workshop just few hours or days of operation. Therefore, the quality in the MWF industry is the key factor to evaluate whether a MWF is good to be used or not.

Blooming rate is partly affected by emulsifier structure. The bigger the MW of the emulsifiers, the longer the time it needs to be hydrated. PIBSA is a polymeric emulsifier with high MW than other normal SPS, anionic and non-ionic emulsifiers, it needs time for water to penetrate the carbon chain in the coils to make them easily to move. It means the coil polymer conformation will be bigger and bigger due to hydration, and the interaction between the polymer chain become looser, making them completely hydrating (dissolution). 

Soap content is also another factor to inffluence the emulsifying rate of the package. However, this property is not really important than others (e.g., corrosion protection, metal compatibility, hard water tolerance, pH stability)

4. WHY CHOOSING PT 7600?

ITALMATCH develops this product to meet global restriction by those raw materials with stable chemical compositions. It means the products and perfomance will be the same batch-to-batch, so you can concentrate on market development.

PT 7600 is compatible for many metals (i.e., Fe, Al, and Cu). It does not make severe corrosion on metal surface and protect them against oxidation agents.

Although the package is designed for soluble oil, we can assist customers to upgrade the package to make a low-oil semi-synthetic metal working fluids. Especially, to design the soluble concentrate with low break point (e.g., 2-2.5%), our team can help customers adjust the formula to meet their satisfaction. 

PIBSA technique provides long-lasting emulsion stability to avoid oil separation resulting to loss of emulsion lubricity. 

With higher treat rate, this excellent package can also help the pH stability in long time, so the emulsion can enhance the corrosion protection properties beside prevent bacteria from growing.

In summary, Polartech 7600 is the outstanding package with multi-functional application. In addition, ITALMATCH really focuses on MWF, and they can give you technical support as soon as you need helps. Thus, I strongly believe that Polartech 7600 can make you delighted and reduce risks when selling your finished soluble oil into end-users.

Writer: Steven Nguyen

A DISCUSSION OF PETROLEUM SULFONATE IN LUBRICANTS - PART II: BARIUM SULFONATES AND ALOX PACKAGES

Vietnam has a forth wave of COVID-19, and the situation become worst in Ho Chi Minh City now. I cannot pay a visit to my customers, what I can do is online communication and telesales… Thus, I can have time to continue write the topic: A DISCUSSION OF PETROLEUM SULFONATE IN LUBRICANTS. After having a quick review on Ca Sulfonate with the typical products of CHEMTURA (LANXESS), today I would like to talk about Barium Petroleum Sulfonate and several famous commercial packages for Rust Preventative Oil in combination with some components from CRODA, LANXESS.

 

Actually, sulfonate metal soaps can be described as detergents, which must contain metal in the structure to distinguish with dispersants that are ashless or metal-free. The common metal used to synthesize detergents can be: Li, Na, K for group IA; Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba for group IIA in the periodic table; and Al for group IIIA. The raw materials are sulfonic petroleum sulfonic acid (organic acids) and metal oxide or metal hydroxide (inorganic compounds); they are not easy to react because of the poor contact between two phases. One phase is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic. Therefore, to accelerate the reaction, there are one or many compounds which is called “promoters” are employed. Some common promoters consist of alcohol (methanol, ethanol, butanol), NH₄OH, alkanolamine, low molecular weight carboxylic acid (i.e. formic acid and acetic acid), and low molecular weight alkylphenols. Those promoters are mentioned as a coupling agent to enhance the contact between two phases and help the reaction occur.

 

Detergents can be made in neutral and over-based forms. Neutral detergents provide higher content of sulfonate soaps, which provide better corrosion protection properties because it can provide maximum metal surface coverage at the lower treat-rate than that of over-based ones. Over-based detergents consist less sulfonate soap content, but it is enhanced base number through the colloid CaCO₃/Ca)OH)₂. Thus, it will provide better acid scavengers and long-term corrosion protection in some applications where acids are one of the serious issues (e.g., engine oil, marine oil). Of course, in both mentioned cases we have not mentioned on the MW of sulfonate. The better corrosion inhibitors are affected by many parameters such as: sulfonic acid MW, the coverage on metal surface (depends on the numbers of molecules sticks on the metal surface), and the TBN value. Depending on the specific applications and the manufacturer’s design for sulfonate soaps, the specific additive can be used for some specific applications.

 I.  BARIUM SULFONATE COMPONENTS

Ba Sulfonate can be prepared in both neutral and overbased soaps. It can be prepared from natural sources or synthetic alkylbenzen sulfonic acid including monoalkylated compounds (C16-C40) and alkynaphthalene derivatives (i.e., dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid). Both natural and synthetic Ba sulfonates show outstanding corrosion protection in formula for rust preventative oils. Ba dinonyl naphthalene sulfonate works well at low concentration in contrast to Ca and Na. This is directly proportional to an increase of ionic radius: Na < Mg < Ca < Ba.

There are several manufactuers to produce Ba Sulfonate around the world, but some of them are very strong for this products in term of product stability and reputation (i.e., Lubrizol, King Industry, Lanxess). Since it is hard to find some technical data sheets from reliable manufacturers, I choose LANXESS Ba Sulfonate to discuss in this part.

Table 1: Typical physical properties of LANXESS Ba Sulfonate

Property	Surchem 404	Surchem 404D	Barinate B70
Ba wt%	6.6	6.6	14
Ba Sulfonate wt%	49	49	43
Equivalent Weight	500	500	500
TBN	4	4	68
Vis@100 cSt	110	110	40
Flash Point COC	220	220	190
Water demulsibility	-	Pass	Pass
Cu corrosion	1b	1b	1b

Note: The different between Surchem 404 and 404D is that Surchem 404D has already added a small amount of demulsifier, so it will provide better water demulsibility than that of Surchem 404.

Surchem 404/404D has the same MW to Barinate B70, but the content of Ba soaps are slightly higher than B70. In addition, the vis@100 deg C of 404 series is much thicker than B70, hypothesizing that they will provide a thicker film on the metal surface at the same treat rate ==> better corrosion protection properties. If I am a formulator, I may use 404 series for RP oils to use in the neutral atmosphere without acid vapours. However, if I would like to make the RP oils for acidic atmospheres in the workshops because of acidic cleaning process,  I prefer B70 over 404 series because it contains high TBN value. 

II. BARIUM SULFONATE IN PACKAGES

If you work on RP oils, you may know the reputation of LUBRIZOL for ALOX packages. So, I will talk about ALOX packages since we are also selling ALOX 2100 and 2028S packages in Vietnam. Basically, I was educated in university within 6 years and I have worked as a salesman in Vietnam for lubricant additive since Sep. 2016, so I would like to discuss in scientific points of views. 

There are many reasons why ALOX packages can have good reputation in lubricant industries. It has been showed on the market of Korea, Taiwan, and China as well. For other market, I do not really know, but I strongly believed that it will be one of the leaders for RP oils. In addition, ALOX packages (i.e., ALOX 2028S) in combination with Pentalan 1 (CRODA), Calcinate C-300R, PIB-tackifiers can provide super good performance for long-lasting salt spray test. This formula works quite well in Taiwan and Korea, and it may work well in Indonesia as well since the biggest consumption of Pentalan 1 of CRODA coming from Indonesia (this is the information shared by my friend, it needs somebody in Indonesia to confirm this).

However, the use of ALOX 2028S has a drawback is that the applied metal parts cannot be exported to the US and EU since it contains Barium inside. As a result, when customers want to export to those areas, we always recommend them to select ALOX 2100 which just contains Ca without Ba.

                               Table 2: ALOX 2100 Basic Formula for Reference

  

There are two important parameters of RP oils. They are ASTM B117 (salt spray) and ASTM D1740. The others (water separation and water displacement) are also crucial. For ASTM B117, there is no standard specimens, so technician can use whatever metal parts with different shapes are ok. Thus, in my perspective, ASTM B117 is just a method for reference and make a comparison between/among many RP oils with the required metal parts of end-users. Some custosmers contact me said that why the result of ALOX 2100 20% + 80% petroleum solvent cannot reach the result of 168 hours... as claimed in the TDS... Here, we need to make it clear that the metal parts in the test showed in TDS of ALOX 2100 is Sand Blasted Steel Panels, so if end-users run the test with the same materical and shape, the result may be the same, but different materials and shapes can completely give different results. To cut the long story short, ASTM B117 is an effective tool to compare 2 or more RP oils at the same test conditions: same metal parts, same NaCl concentration,...

Figure 1: Test Specimens in ASTM B117 

(to be continued)

In t

 

A DISCUSSION OF PETROLEUM SULFONATE IN LUBRICANTS - PART I: CALCIUM SULFONATES

Petroleum Sulfonates are the ubiquitous lubricant additives that can be used in many  lubricating applications such as engine oils, rust preventative oils, metalworking fluids, greases, and some fields that needs to used as oil-soluble emulsifiers. There are many types of Sulfonate depends on the alkyl groups of Petroleum Sulfonic Acid, counter ions, TBN content, metal contents,… Each type will play several important roles in particular applications., and you probably are involved in those industries. However, a question is that do you really fully understand the Sulfonate additives? If not, please stay beside me to discuss on this topic.

 

I. WHAT ARE PETROLEUM SULFONATES?

 

Sulfonates are salt of petroleum sulfonic acids. The counter ions can be Na, Mg, Ca, Ba or some alkanolamine. These products as far as I know should be diluted in base oil (~ 60%) since its super high viscosity at room temperature. An example of this is the neutralization of 25% n-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (DBSA) and NaOH solution that I made as economic detergent for my family laundry store, showing a viscous liquid just @ 25% Sulfonic Acid without any thickeners (i.e., Hydroxypropyl Methycellulose, sodium sulfate). I never synthesize those Na-neutralized detergents at high percentage of DBSA (~60%) in water since this is exothermic reaction, and the high concentration of DBSA and NaOH could make water boiling. Nevertheless, I strongly believe that the viscosity will be very high at that concentration since the hydration of Sodium Sulfonate increases the molecular volume and the interaction between those molecules.

 

II. CLASSIFICATION OF SULFONATES

 

There are 2 types Sulfonates: one is synthetic and the other is natural.  Normally, synthetic type is more cost-effective than natural one.  Natural Sulfonates are the by-products of acid-treating process of petroleum oil and synthetic sulfonates are manufactured through the sulfonation of long-chained alkyl benzene or dialkylated naphthalene. The carbon chain of alkyl benzene can starting from C12 to C40, while the dialkylated naphthalene possesses shorter chain lengths (C9-C10). The typical naphthalene is Ba dinonyl naphthalene sulfonate (BaDNNS).

 

The (synthetic and natural) sulfonic acids are formed in the reaction of SO3 with a feedstock. Then, it will be neutralized to form salts of Na, Ba, Mg, Ca, Alkanolamine. In addition, the neutral salts can also be over-based by addition of excess base and CO2 depending on the applications.

 

- Na Sulfonate: its MW is from 400 to 700 depending on the lengths of the carbon chain and its chemical structure of sulfonic acid. Na Sulfonates are a common additive in metalworking fluids application (i.e., soluble oils). The chemical structures and the MW are quite important to evaluate the performance of these additives.

 

- Ca Sulfonate: CaO and Ca(OH)2 are used to neutralized the sulfonic acids. These Sulfonic derivations can be classified into 3 types: low base (TBN 20-70), medium base (TBN 200-300) and over base (TBN 400-500). These additives are common used for engine oil, rust preventative oil, grease, oil-soluble emulsifiers for crop care. 

 

- Mg Sulfonates: they are produced by neutralization of sulfonic acis and MgO or Mg(OH)2.  It is common used as additive for engine oil and fuel oil. 

 

- Ba Sulfonates: they are formed when sulfonic acids are neutralized with BaO or Ba(OH)2.  They are available in low-based and over-based types. Rust Preventative are the main application of Ba sulfonates.

 

- Alkanolamine Sulfonates: Neutralization of Sulfonic Acid by alkanolamine will produce alkanolamine sulfonates. They are also used in metalworking industries.

 

III. CALCIUM SULFONATES

 

Ca Sulfonates can be used as detergents in engine oils, film-forming additives for rust preventative, EP additive for neat cutting oil in lubricant industries. Normally, it is prepared by the synthetic sulfonic acids due to its cheaper price. They are available in low-based and over-based types. In the over-based type, calcium sulfonate are existed in micell structure as below. 

Figure 1: Micelle structure of over-based Ca sulfonate

In this structure, the micelle core is Cacium hydroxide -encapsulated Calcite (CaCO3) absorbed by the Ca sulfonate chains. This structure provides the stability of the colloidal system through steric repulsion. Because this is the colloidal system, the Calcite nanoparticales can be deposited at the bottom in some situation. 

Why Ca hydroxide exist in the micelle? === When Ca Sulfonates are synthesized through the neutralization of Ca hydroxide and sulfonic acid and CO2 is blown into the process to create over-based Ca sulfonates, the reaction is usually terminated before all the base is converted into Ca carbonate. This explains why Ca hydroxide and Ca carbonate always appeared in the over-based Ca sulfonates, but the percentage of Ca carbonate is much higher. If CO2 is overblown, the amorphous calcium carbonate will be converted into crystal Ca carbonate.

Which parameters are importants for Ca Sulfonates? To answer this question, please kindly see the Figure 2 for Lanxess products before discussion!

Figure 2: Typical properties of Ca Sulfonates - reference of Lanxess documents

- Chemical structure: this is a very important parameter when the manufacturers choose to design their products. The performance will be different between liner- and branch- chained alkylbenzen sulfonic acid, the mono- and di-alkyl benzene sulfonic acid. In addition, the MW makes a contribution to the performance of Ca Sulfonates as well. The higher the MW, the better the oil solubility in base oil. However, the manufacturers will not show those information on their technical data sheets. At this moment, my knowledge is not that strong to recommend which methods to analyze the chemical structures of sulfonates, so you just need to know the basic chemical structure of the petroleum sulfonic acid an its synthesis process to have an overview on their chemical structures.

- Ca Sulfonate percentage: since the chemical structure is a secret,  we can pay attention to the Ca Sulfonate content to select additives before going to the formulation. This value uses to evaluate the detergency power and rust protection ability of the Ca Sulfonate additive. 

Normally low-based Ca sulfonate shows higher Sulfonate content than over-based ones shown in Figure 2. So, they have better detergency and corrosion protection since it can form a thin film Sulfonates absorbed on the metal surface to prevent them from oxydizing agents (e.g., Acids)

As a result, beside over-based Ca Sulfonates, low-based ones also are used in engine oils to improve detergency beside the dispersants provided by PIBSI and others Phenate and Salicilates. Moreover, low-base Sulfonates are also good for rust preventative oil. Following ASTM B1748, Calcinate NC and C-300R shows outstanding rust protection in humidity cabinet. However, if you just pay attention to rust protection only, I highy recommend Calcinate NC because Calcinate C-300R contains high percentage of Calcite colloids which have potential to deposit at the bottom of the drums during storage condition.

Figure 3: Diameters of particles shown in TEM and DLS 

- Micell particles size: I do not know which methods Lanxess is using to analyze this parameter. However, if this is the result from TEM/SEM, then it is a dry diameter of the particles. Furthermore, TEM/SEM cannot distinguish the clusters (few or many particles gathering together, but they are still dispersable) and single particles unless they use very low concentration. If, the addiitve is diluted with some suitable solvents and run  Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), then that value is the hydrodynamic diemeters. Noting that: DLS also cannot give you whether the particles in the additive are single or clusters. Alright, please be back to this property. In lubricant industry, soft deposits are quite sentitive. It can stem from many causes, but the particle size of Calcite in Sulfonate is also a reason. In some situation, the colloids can be unstable due to water absorption or contaiminants in blending process or additive storage condition. Therefore, If I work for neat cutting oil, I will prefer Caicinate C-300R, but if I work for just RP oil, off course, Calcinate NC will be my first choice.

- TBN: this value is not strange to those are working in automotive oil. Basic agents in Ca Sulfonate as mentioned before coming from the hydroxide and carbonate Calcium, and it can neutralize the forming acids in the oil to protect the engine from corrosion. Acids sterm from the oxidation of the oil and some Sulfur in gasoline or diesel fuels. 

Other parameters such as Welding Load/Scar Diameter is for MWF, and if I design a formula for neat cutting or forming oil, I will not choose this Sulfonate systems. Off course, some blenders can also apply them for MWF, but in my perspective, esters and other EP addiitve can work better Sulfonates. Because when we use Sulfonates in MWF, we may need to deal with the colloid stability in the complex systems of MWF.

To summary, Lanxess has given some recommendation for us when we would like to use their products in Figure 4. Off course, there will be other Sulfonates manufacturers such as Lubrizol, King Industry,... you can also consider to use from them. Noting that lubricants are a complex systems, any adding new additives can enhance or deteriorate the quality of the system. Therefore, after blending, test results are more reliable than some theoricaly discussion here. 

Figure 4: Application Recommendation for some Lanxess's Sulfonates

Thanks for your reading. If you want to discuss further, please give me a comment or send me a email at ntphuong2153@gmail.com.

Written by Steven Nguyen